- [Narrator] This is the story of sound.

(light rhythmic drums) On a symphonic planet.

(roar of waterfall) (thunder crackles) (lizard snarls) Where life has a melody.

(bird chirps) (monkey calls) (bee buzzes) A melody we imitated and then made our own.

♪ Guarantee hope (piano music) Until the only music we could hear was our own.

(bike roars) (light rhythmic drums) (explosion booms) But the other musicians are still here, still sending signals through our noise.

(whale moans) They're like cousins we don't talk to anymore, but some of us are still listening.

So what are they saying?

(percussion music) Climate change demands new solutions and new stories.

My name's Charles Loi.

My friends and I set up to find those narratives, starting in our own backyard.

(upbeat music) - [Narrator] "Climate California" is brought to you in part by Crankstart, a San Francisco based family foundation that works with others on critical issues concerning economic mobility, education, democracy, housing security, the environment, and medical science and innovation.

And by the community foundation of Sonoma County.

Additional support provided by donors to the Center for Environmental Reporting at NorCal Public Media.

A complete list is available.

And by the following.

(upbeat music) "Climate California" is made possible by contributions to your public television station from viewers like you.

Thank you.

(gentle music) - Most radio shows and podcasts are about humans talking about humans.

"Ear to the Wild" is different.

When you listen to it, it transports you out of the human world into the wider world.

(birds caws) - So much can be learned just by listening to a place.

I mean, you can literally hear the biodiversity here.

(frog creaks) And that suggests that it's a pretty healthy habitat.

(birds chirp) Thanks for lending an ear to the wild.

I'm Jack Hines.

- [Charles] I wanted to learn why is Jack so passionate about animal sounds?

So we met up at Sugarloaf Ridge.

- I was living in the East Bay in Oakland and playing music and stuff.

And I had made the decision that I wanted to move up to Sonoma County.

And once I got up here, I remember just hearing the birds, and I just mentioned to a coworker that, you know, it'd be fun to record them.

Recording with the sound devices 722 at 48K, 24 bit.

(birds chirp) - So why does sound matter?

Well, according to scientists Julia Blau and Jeffrey Wagman, sound is material colliding and sending out vibrations.

Sound is matter.

Patterns of matter that carry information which animals use in all aspects of life, from asserting territory to finding a mate, even to culture.

That's what birds have been doing ever since they evolved from therapods and developed an air sac called a syrinx to make sound.

They're basically flying, singing dinosaurs.

And every bird song is the music of evolution.

This is Jack's mentor, Bernie Kraus.

Bernie's a legend.

He worked as a sound recordist and musician in Hollywood.

Glamorous but not always fun.

When he couldn't be fired from a union job, a director tried to get him to quit by shipping him off to Iowa to record the sound of corn growing.

Little did they know, corn sounds pretty cool.

Eventually, Bernie went on to bigger and better things like pioneering the field of soundscape ecology.

Soundscape ecology explores how the diverse sounds of the landscape carry ecological meaning.

There's geophony, the sounds of the earth, biophony, the sounds of life, and anthropophony, the sounds of us.

When a soundscape is strong and healthy, animals make room for each other's voices.

Dawn is one of the best times to hear this when the world wakes up to itself.

- The thing about the dawn chorus is it's not very rich.

- Yeah.

- The density and diversity is not here like it used to be.

Yeah.

- I mean the drought periods that we've been having and the the atmospheric rivers and stuff like that, it's really unusual.

- Yeah, it is.

- Who told you that?

- It wasn't me.

(group laughs) - We target this time because it's right as spring is coming online and the biophony is really at its peek.

- And this is what we've been recording.

We record here every year around this time.

You can always find us here.

You know, if you guys are lonely and you have nothing to do, we'll be here.

- [Jack] Yeah.

- I've been recording here since 1993.

In the nineties and early 2000s, that peak always happened around this time.

Now it's changed because spring is occurring two weeks earlier.

Not only the species are changing, but the numbers of birds have dropped off radically.

We've actually had recordings in 2015, and last year, we've actually had no bird sound at all, not a single chirp.

It's a signature sound of climate change.

It's an incredible library of Alexandria that we're beginning to destroy.

- [Charles] Around the world, animals are scrambling to adapt as climate change affects things like migration patterns and the conditions by which sound travels, including temperature, wind, humidity, and the structure of soundscapes is collapsing.

- These soundscapes have had an impact on the development of our culture.

So we've been imitating these sounds of these creatures all our lives.

That's where we got our music, not only our music but also language.

- And so we went with Jack to record some of nature's music and brought along Miguel, our composer.

These two are hitting it off.

(Charles laughs) Miguel was collecting unconventional sounds for a new song he was writing and we were looking for an animal once driven to near extinction in California, the tule elk.

(upbeat music) We just needed them to chat with us.

- They just weren't bugling.

Apparently that happens a little bit closer to dusk.

- [Charles] And so we waited.

- Time is now 18:04.

I just did describe the scene there.

Very close by our harem of female elk and there's a male just a little further off.

- That's pretty good, yeah.

(gentle music) (elk bugles) Couldn't ask for much better.

- It's a completely different emotional connection, being there, hearing it.

- That's what I hope to do is just that if it moves someone enough to say, hey, the elk are out at Point Reyes, I want to go hear them and to come out and have the experience themselves.

(elk cries) - [Charles] Just off the coast, another soundscape is unraveling, our oceans.

This concerns Callie Leiphardt, a data scientist who's been obsessed with whales ever since she was a kid.

Callie and her colleagues run Whale Safe, a tool which uses AI and big data to help prevent ships from hitting whales.

We spoke with her and Rachel Rhodes, her teammate.

Do you guys have any stories?

Sorry to put you on the spot.

- Oh no.

I always just love to relive my first blue whale moment.

There's just nothing quite like seeing a blue whale for the first time.

Like when they're gliding through the surface and you're like, when is it going to end?

When is it going to end, when is it going to end?

And they're just that big.

1% of the world's population has seen a blue whale, so to say I am part of that 1% is always.

- I'm not part of that 1%, so I'm a little bitter, but I know it'll happen at some point for me.

- How does noise affect animals in the ocean?

Whales and dolphins use communication, vocalization, and so if you have, this is a perfect example actually.

Okay, right, we're trying to talk.

- Yeah.

- You hear all that background noise?

- Yeah.

- Imagine if you're a whale, trying to communicate across an ocean basin, and there's a rock concert going on.

(boat horn blares) - Noise travels further and faster in the water than even in the air.

So it's imagine having this noise pollution, but all the time.

- It's a huge barrier to their communication, to how they find food.

It can disorient them.

So it's really just trying to live their life, I guess, at a concert.

- [Charles] And speaking of concerts, we want to check up on our maestro, who's beginning to hear music differently.

- [Miguel] I can try and make it pitch and like work in the song later.

(gentle music) (gentle music) - [Charles] That was cool.

I wish I could hear more of a whale though.

- You want the raw like humpback, like in the song somewhere kind of like snuck in?

- [Charles] Like raw slash only slightly touched.

- Okay.

- Same thing with the bugles of like the elk.

- Hmm.

(elk bugles) It was really great when we were with Jack and after that experience I really wanted to make it feel like it's more than just like around you.

Like you're a part of it and then as soon as it kind of like gets taken away from you, you're missing it.

You're feeling like you want it back.

- That's cool.

That's a great idea.

Can we go to the piano?

I like this like thing that you were doing.

What is it?

- Just G and B, B flat yeah.

- You're kind of riding this wave, right?

It's like kind like soft and then like angry and then soft and then sad.

(gentle piano music) (gentle piano music continues) Louder, more.

(piano music) - [Miguel] I want it to kind of feel like you could almost hear the anxiety of kind of ignoring climate, ignoring like the animals that we were hearing in the beginning.

You're kind of feeling like the tension of that.

- [Charles] Whale song is one of the world's oldest languages.

50 million years ago, whales transitioned from the land to the sea, taking their ears with them, including a unique bone called the involucrum.

These ears allow baling whales, including the ones Whale Safe protects, to hear each other's low frequency calls across an entire ocean, but human noise is disrupting their communication at the same time that climate change threatens their prey.

So they have to search harder for food and each other, even if it means moving closer to dangerous and disorienting shipping routes.

- The unusual humpback numbers that we were seeing earlier is still a thing out there or?

- Like the last five days, I think there's been 14 sightings.

- We should see too now with the blue whales, blue skies reports, we actually are sending customized Whale Safe reports to 32 companies.

- That's great.

- We create a lot of customized reports for shipping industry or for some of our research partners so that they can track what their fleet of ships is doing with a bit more detail throughout these, you know, whale safety zones or slow zones where they're asked to slow down.

- You know, at the very basis of it, no one wants to hit a whale.

Like that's devastating for absolutely everyone involved, right?

One thing that we've created is something called the whale presence rating.

We have acoustics, we have sightings, we have model predictions, we have all the ship data.

So it's kind of taking all these complex data streams into a very simplified way of understanding relative whale presence.

So it goes from low to very high.

You know, if I'm a ship captain with a hundred things to pay attention to, the last thing that I want to do is like try to understand what all this whale data means.

So giving that data easy to understand, easy to access, is I think a big piece of the puzzle.

Shipping is global.

We're all consumers.

Everything that I'm wearing, that you're wearing, that's, you know, on this deck, likely came over on a ship.

And I think one of the goals is like a consumer button to this.

Whether it's a ship this Whale Safe, I'll wait an extra day or you know, whatever it is.

Like bringing more of that buying power to the consumer is definitely, I think a goal.

- [Charles] Whale Safe made me wonder how else are we unintentionally affecting wildlife?

At the boundary of water and land, there's an animal that's a little harder to hear, the California newt.

We hung out with my friend, Tiffany Yap.

A senior scientist at the Center for Biological Diversity.

She's also a comic book writer, K-pop fan, and expert at finding newts.

- Yeah, super cute.

- [Charles] She really loves newts.

Newts spend part of their lives in water and part on land.

Their loud amphibian cousins, frogs, are kind of showoffs, but newts are stealthy and prefer to hide.

For them, crossing the road is a pretty brave move, an essential one to get to the breeding ponds every year.

Imagine you're a newt.

You say peace out to your comfy log, exposing yourself to garter snakes and wheels that might squish you, but you've got to get to the party.

You might meet somebody nice and it's been a while.

Yet, the road trip gets tougher every year.

- [Tiffany] This road has been closed every year because so many newts were being killed on this road.

And so this is kind of a really cool spot in terms of community activism protecting the newts.

- So we're looking for what kind today?

- The only ones I've seen here are California newts.

Depending on how long you want to walk, we can flip some logs.

All right, ready?

So like you'll see there's like kind of little crevices and holes and burrows and stuff.

That's where a lot of critters will kind of hang out.

When I roll logs like this, I slowly roll them back, in case there is something there and we just don't see it.

- [Charles] This reminds me of that scene in "Lion King."

- Were they're eating grubs?

- [Charles] Yeah.

(Tiffany laughs) - In Southern California, what we're seeing is over time after these long extended droughts, the animals are showing up to be smaller than they used to be.

- Because their food source is disappearing, their habitats, heat?

- Yeah, all those things.

All those things.

- Okay, great.

I'm glad I answered my own question.

- Yeah.

Newts need like seasonal pools, but like they need to fill with water, and then they need to last long enough for the eggs to hatch, for the larvae to develop, for the animals to metamorphose.

So if they don't have enough time, that whole generation dies because not only is it extended drought where they're losing more breeding habitat, but it's also the increasing temperatures are making it harder for them to find habitat that's suitable for them.

And so climate change is just another layer of stress, and the way we've built our roads and development might block pathways for them to find the resources they need.

Oh, there's a newt right here!

- Nice.

- I'm glad you guys didn't step on it.

(Charles laughs) - [Charles] Wow, oh my god.

- Yeah, so this is a young one.

It looks like once the rain started, it kind of came out and is going to go look for its own terrestrial burrow.

- [Charles] Nice.

So why newts?

- I don't know, I think they're beautiful.

There's something about their eyes that I think is also really compelling.

- Yeah, it's all black, right?

It's like an alien.

- Yeah, it's almost alien like, yeah.

And it's just very stunning to me.

- [Charles] Since cold-blooded animals like newts don't waste a lot of energy, they're efficient at transferring that energy from their prey to their predators.

They're like energy bars spread across an ecosystem.

- [Tiffany] So they help keep a balance of what's around us.

- [Charles] Yeah.

- [Tiffany] And if they're not here anymore, it's hard to predict what might happen.

(gentle music) - [Charles] Imagine there are all these patterns in nature, of sound, of movement, of energy.

Disrupting one part of the pattern disrupts the entire tapestry.

And if we don't make major changes, biologists say that by the end of our century, half of the world's species will be gone forever.

So how can we give animals a fighting chance?

One way is to reduce habitat fragmentation.

We can close roads like this one, build tunnels under roads like this one, or build bridges over roads like this one.

But it's also about being creative.

Sci-fi author Kim Stanley Robinson, unsurprisingly, has some ideas.

- We don't need to designate wilderness as the only good place.

This garden that we're right behind here has been designated by my village as a wildlife corridor.

And it's not entirely a joke because that means they can get through the north pond without getting crushed or run over or having any fences in their way.

It'd be great if cities were greener, more city trees, more strange mixed ecologies, more human animal interfaces, where we don't end up treating them as pests and killing them.

Let's go back to that slug.

Come on guys.

Come on, I got a happier home for you.

I'll just throw 'em in the compost.

They'll be happy there.

There'll be as much food there as here.

There you go.

Life is good.

- Obviously, the most effective solution for the problem of roads is not building them at all.

That's something the book "Ever Green" calls for.

Its co-author is my neighbor, John Reid.

John's an economist and ecologist.

I asked him to grab a drink.

- We've introduced rapid change, and so the biodiversity has to adapt to that.

And sometimes it can't.

To the degree that our society gives a -- at all about the environment, it's reduced nowadays to two main measurements.

One is climate change for which we measure by these fractional changes in global temperatures and biological diversity, which traditionally we have measured in the number of different species that are present.

By those scorecards, Earth is changing very, very slowly in human time.

It's changing fast in geological time.

But what is changing very fast in human time is the actual abundance of wild things.

They're going down by 60, 70, 90%.

That's our biodiversity crisis of the moment.

- [Charles] John's pitched legislation to protect animals, not just on the species level, but on the ecosystem level.

Something he calls the Abundant Life Act.

It's about protecting not just the actors, but the stages they depend on.

- They're not going extinct, but they're going functionally extinct in the ecosystems.

Elk, for example, it used to be all over the state.

Now the elk population is vastly reduced.

So while elk still exists, they're not playing their role in ecosystems all over our state, and they're not playing their role in the human experience.

- So I've always been meaning to ask you this.

You trained as an economist.

Are you supposed to care about these things?

- Where economics sort of runs out of rope is in trying to be the main compass by which we plot our ethical path.

So I think economics can play a more circumscribed, analytical, informative role, but we have to use other parts of our brain and our feelings and our values to construct the world we want.

People want to live in a beautiful world.

People don't want to live in a scary, hot, dangerous world.

What are our goals?

What are our goals for abundant wild life?

What are our goals for a livable degree of climate change?

And then we have to wrap our economy around that.

- [Charles] So we have a goal, abundance.

How do we not only prevent the worst of climate change, but allow for a reconnection to the planet?

Hey Miguel.

- Hey Charles.

I just sent you the latest version of the song.

I kind of tweaked the melody a little bit.

I added some bass.

I'm hopefully working in some of the whales and bat sounds that we were wanting to get.

And hopefully by the end of it, you come out of it feeling like there's something that can change.

There's something that we can all do to change and it kind of pushes you to to think about it a little more.

- Cool, I'll check it out.

- If we could just shut the hell up, we're going to be much better for it.

I can't imagine doing anything that is more healing.

- My dream would be the future in which we cared about the other kinds of organisms that are inhabiting this space with us.

- [Tiffany] Animals, they have this intrinsic value.

- They're such ancient animals, they've been around for so long, and humans are just really a blip on their evolutionary timeline.

- If at the end of the day, I save one whale, this is what keeps me going.

- [Jack] Quiet the mind, that is the first task.

- [Charles] Maybe if we listened better to the world around us, if we could turn noise into signal and signal into meaning, if in the songs of strangers we heard our own music, we'd connect to the life all around us and the stage it all plays out on.

(dramatic music) - [Narrator] You can visit our website for more information, related educational materials, and additional resources.

It's all at climatecalifornia.org.

- [Narrator] "Climate California" is brought to you in part by Crankstart, a San Francisco based family foundation that works with others on critical issues concerning economic mobility, education, democracy, housing security, the environment, and medical science and innovation.

And by the community foundation of Sonoma County.

Additional support provided by donors to the Center for Environmental Reporting at NorCal Public Media.

A complete list is available.

And by the following.

(upbeat music) "Climate California" is made possible by contributions "Climate California" is made possible by contributions to your public television station from viewers like you.

Thank you.

(bright music)